cubiculum essays

cubiculum essays Cubiculum: the bedroom of a Roman villa The Romans often thought the bedroom as a less important room compared to the rest of the house, even if all the grooming and dressing activities took place there. Thus it became a small room, quite crapped, thanks to the low vaulted ceilings. The average Roman bedroom was about 6 feet wide. The bedroom itself inside was not filled with much furnitures. A bed or a sleeping sofa to sleep on, a chest to put ones belongs, and a little footstool near the bed. The flooring would often be covered in mosaics, in a certain pattern that would eventually led or frame where the bed sits. Some bedrooms, like the ones discovered in Pompeii, would have a bed niche. The windows themselves were even smaller; they usually were three by two feet. And if the bedrooms were on the first floor, the windows would not look at onto the streets, located near the atrium. Yet the room would nevertheless be situated towards the westward side, so that the windows would catch the morning sunrays. If the rays were bothersome, they did have shutters to block out the light and create a more dimmed, night-like environment. Sometimes, there would be a small antechamber in front of the bedroom chamber, where a personal servant would rest there, the antechamber was known as the procoeton. The Roman bedroom was often known to be small and more public compared to the Greek bedrooms. They were often located off the atrium, the entrance hallway, or connecting to the living room, for socializing reasons. They had bedrooms for the members of the family as well as for their fellow guests. The bedrooms during the daytime were used as a place to hold daytime private meetings, a place to have friends over, or to hold a confident business trading. - tcnj.edu/~anchouse/bedroom.html - roman-empire.net/society/soc-house.html ...

Free sample - Christian Ethics. translation missing

Christian Ethics. Christian EthicsFirst of all the notion of Christian ethics should be defined. Christian ethics or moral teachings of Christianity, determines the moral compass of human behavior. Human behavior based on Christian ideas about the nature and destiny of man, his relationship with God. Christian ethics can be called a theory of Christian action. Ethics of Christianity Expressed in the Christian ethos, a certain style of life, diverse in its manifestations and peculiar   of individuals and large social groups of Christians. For me, ethics is limited to human relationships, with a view to equip the society so that all its members with a diversity of interests not to upset each other, but only the joy, and so that everyone can develop the right attitude to itself and its role in specific situations. [1] Throughout my life, I try to follow the moral principles taught by my parents and chosen by myself. I had not any religious upbringing, but think I know how to differ good and bad. As morally and ethically educated person I am able to keep such destructive emotions such as aggression, greed, boundless self-assertion, and try to guide them to safety to the public channel. All my principals that I follow I tried to put into the list and have got the following: concern for the welfare of others; respect the rights of others to be independent; reliability and honesty; voluntary submission to the law (with the exception of civil disobedience); fairness; rejection of an unfair advantage over others; philanthropy, the opportunity to benefit; prevention of harmful consequences. For example, professional associations have codes of ethics rules, which specify the desired behavior within the context of professional practice, such as medicine, law, accounting, engineering or forestry. I understand that these recorded in writing setting determine the default behavior, which is usually based on the principles of professional ethics. I have next ones: impartiality and objectivity; honesty, complete exposure; confidentiality; due diligence (duty of care); precise execution of professional duties; avoid potential or apparent conflicts. Lets’ analyze the notion of family ethics. In my understanding and according to my vision the concept of ethics in relation to the family used in the sense of morality, family, morality, and is regarded as an estimate breeding family members individually, and the moral climate of the family as a group. I think the brightest example of the qualities that I try to bring up is reflected in situation of family conflict. According to my principles I try never figure out family relationships with outsiders; make a stand for my loved ones, do not tell anybody about the facts, defaming my family, trying to stop a fit of anger, not to generalize and exaggerate, try to concede, not to clash over trifles. From the viewpoint of Unification, the relationship of people in society are the projection of the relationship between family members at home. For example, if there is a difference between people under the age of twenty or more years, their relationship must be characterized by love of older to younger, as their children, and the younger should respect their elders, as their parents. If the age difference is ten years or less, leading to love the younger men as their younger brothers or sisters, and younger - to respect their elders, as their older brothers or sisters. From this perspective, the family ethic is the foundation for all types of ethics. In transferring the family ethics in society, she turns into a social ethic, in transferring it to the corporation, it becomes a corporate ethics, in transferring it to the state it becomes a state ethics. Thanks to this, the true values have affirmed (virtues). In the state public figures must love his people, and people should respond to them respectfully. At school, teachers should love their children and their work, and students - respect their teachers. At the societal level senior must protect younger and younger - to respond to them respectfully. At the level of heads of institutions or enterprises should have a good lead subordinates, and subordinates - well follow the instructions of superiors. The love between brothers and sisters in the family, transferred to society, the state and the world, becomes the love of colleagues, neighbors, fellow citizens and humanity in general, in this love I try to   embody such horizontal values (virtues), as a peace-loving, tolerance, a sense of duty, loyalty, courtesy, humility, compassion, cooperation, service to the cause and understanding. However, today's society, the state and the world thrown into chaos. The reason for this is the weakening of the ethics of family relations, serving as the basis for all types of ethics. Consequently, the path to salvation lies through the public approval of a new family ethic, a new view of it. To accomplish this, we can save from destruction of the family, can save the world.[3] As I am a student of medical college (the clinical department), I can affirm that the ethics has its reflection on the process of teaching and studying at the college. Teacher on the faculty is also a physician. Therefore, what kind of physician he appears before the students, largely determines the ethics of the teaching process. There occur simultaneously paternalistic and partner relationships. Paternalistic - because the teacher gives what he knows, teaches skills that are owned. Ethical conflicts do not arise if the teacher knows a lot and can teach. In today's higher medical school it is becoming increasingly difficult to do. Each teacher comes out of this predicament in their own way: by virtue of his education, mastered teaching ethics, temperament and character. Learning process may be accompanied by violation of certain principles and norms of ethics and law. Another factor that reflects ethic norms in my studying is learning a subject of ethics on business classes. I have noticed that particular business ethics course shows us that this discipline can be â€Å"done† separately from management, finance or other sphere of business or studying. To my mind such idea\theory seems to be totally wrong. Every theory of business, we are familiar with during the learning process, contains elements and assumptions about what the role of humans in this theory, why it is necessary and what is a good result. Finally we can conclude that there are no ethically neutral theories or situations, they always contain some principles – moral or immoral, and they can never be free of them. So, during my classes I try to differentiate what is good or bad, how can I be successful together with my principles and Christian ethics norms. I believe I should follow the rules set in place by society (for the most part) and follow my conscious. I think mo st people know right and wrong, it is just a matter what they choose to do. Therefore it is wrong to think that in the learning process and in the business we can be taught any theory, and then add to them moral and ethical standards. They are already installed and we are entitled to choose one for ourselves in accordance with our beliefs. On our business ethics class we are taught basic qualities such as human dignity on one hand, and that any person is the part of the mechanism which provides profit and is a part of successful deal. [2] I think it is appropriate to say about professional ethics as a part of the process of studying ethics. Human activities are so diverse that the universal moral standards are often inadequate to regulate human behavior in specific areas of activity. Professional ethics refers to the implied or explicitly defined set of rules or codes of conduct that guide decision-makers in their various professional roles. This kind of role morality often provides beneficial effects on the resolution of ethical disputes arising in the course of professional activities. Most ethical dilemmas associated with different types of professional ethics, include some kind of contradiction between functionally differentiable and universal ethics. I have summarized my general principles and norms, based on degree of my beliefs: there is an ethical scale of human actions. Actions are good and bad, worthy and unworthy. Quality of a person is determined by what and how he's doing. Anyone who behaves with dignity, and respect is commendable, one who behaves in an unworthy manner is worth of censure, resentment and contempt; the good is natural and normal, the evil is random and unnatural. A decent man behaves adequately not because he is forced to some external factors, or hoped to receive from it any benefit, but simply because the opposite is unnatural and disgusting; there is justice. For good to yourself you should render the good, for evil - evil. Recompense good for evil (i.e. charity) is possible, but not as a rule, but as an exception to the rule. When applied to power relations: a violation of the law must be followed by punishment; there is a difference between "my" and "others". My (own family, own people, own country) - it is something for which I am responsible, something that I must take care, ha ving the duty to protect first and foremost, what is required to give preference to the "others". If we speak about the community, I believe that basic ethic norms here are: allowed everything that is not directly violating the rights of others; the rights of all people are equal. I try to follow them trough whole my life. Now educated man is a rarity in our daily lives, especially among young people who aspire only to the visual appeal. And yet these people are, and they are needed members of any company. Indeed, morally and spiritually strong person is very uncommon. To achieve maximum results and to become well-mannered person I learned from childhood. From the childhood parents brought me a sense of patriotism, love of family and, of course, good taste. This is best taught by own example that they did. In later years I took up self-education. I believe that self-education is the way to the formation of character, conscious development of valuable human qualities, and desire for self-education occurs only when there is a desire to achieve something, be useful to society, to become a person. The emphasis is on self-development, which leads, on the one hand, to achieving personal goals, and on the other hand, to "non-consumptiveness" towards others. Of course all the Christian imperatives amplified: "do not kill", "do not steal", "Do not lie," "sympathize and help others." And these basic facilities will not be violated in the name of God. I believe that people who live in my community are only looking out for themselves and I will do anything to get ahead, trying hard not to be involved with the community. I think the important thing for a modern society is the freedom of man and condemnation of violence and intolerance. Unlike religion, where justification for violence in the name of God is possible, modern morality rejects any violence and intolerance. Traditional society simply overwhelmed with immorality and lack of spirituality, including stringent violence against women and children, all dissenters and "violators of tradition." Modern morality requires a person to develop and achieve success with own efforts. But it does not say how to do it, only encouraging people to permanent seeking, to overcoming themselves and the voltage of their forces. Instead, modern morality gives a person the feeling that he was the creator of the future and one of the builders of himself and the entire world. In addition, self-development, increasing of professionalism leads to the attainment of wealth, gives prosperity in this life. Undo ubtedly, modern morality destroys many senseless rules and prohibitions, and in this sense makes life easier and more enjoyable. But at the same time modern morality imposes tough-to-person claim to be the person itself rather than go on about their own animal instincts or gregarious. This requires a manifestation of moral reason, but not primitive emotions such as aggression, revenge, and desire to subjugate others. And it is not easy just being tolerant, to overcome in yourself personal and public facilities. [4] As far as I believe in free will, morality, responsibility, and that man was created for interpersonal relationships, I make three assumptions: 1) the person is responsible to God 2) he is responsible to society 3) he is responsible to those who currently are in the relationship (to family or single person). Direct connection of ethics with the practice of life is clearly seen in the so-called professional ethics, which is a system of moral claims to professional activities of man, as was pointed earlier. One of the types of professional ethics is the ethics of business relationships. It emerged relatively late on the basis of the total labor morale. The business ethics takes place in the practice of business. It includes the ethics of management (management ethics), ethics of business communication, ethics of behavior, etc. I see two main viewpoints on the relation of universal ethical principles and business ethics: 1) the rules of conventional morality to business does not include or refer to a lesser extent. 2) business ethics based on universal ethical standards (to be honest, do no harm, keep one's word, etc.) that are specified in the light of a specific social role of business in society. Most of the tenets and norms that underlie the ethical culture of the modern economy, modern moral attitude toward work and business have its roots in the Protestant ethic. During the Reformation, the Western European countries have experienced important spiritual revolution, the essence of which was a new understanding of labor and wealth. According to representations of the ideologues of the Reformation of Luther and Calvin, work is not punishment, but divine vocation, destiny of man. The purpose of work is not redemption of sin and salvation from the sin of idleness, but the acquisition and multiplication of wealth, the accumulation of property, and the pursuit of profit. Rethinking the role of labour, along with the installation for maximum profit, financial success led to a new assessment of the role of property and wealth in human life. In the Protestant ethic property is important as a basis and foundation of individual liberty.[2] Many businessmen believe that their business can be considered as a concretization of the principles of Christian doctrine and Christian precepts. However, the rapid development of South-East Asia has clearly shown that, although the basis of people's lives in the East very different religious teachings and moral values of the market economy in general are common to all capitalist countries, irrespective of religious employers. Generally accepted ethical standards throughout the world are considered compliance with the sovereign immunity of private property, respect for the law, loyalty to a given word, the cult of fair competition, participation in charity events, providing credit, based on trust; scruples and concern for own reputation and the reputation of the firm, etc. I believe that independent choice of ethical standards and their degree of compliance in the business is a private affair of each individual. The problem of business ethics is now becoming more urgent. I will try to follow respect and trust of members of the company to each other based on social responsibility, transparency and good management. Subject of labor is central to Catholic social thought, as Church believes the work being central category of mankind. The reflection of the work of God is the work of people. Ethics of labor is that man finds his own dignity, strengthens the family and society. I strongly believe this thesis and hope that I will stay unshakeable in my principles. References   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jerry Fleming. Profit at Any Cost? Baker Books, 2003.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Larry Burkett, Nelson Reference. Business by the book: The Complete Guide Of Biblical Principles For The Workplace. Updated edition, 1998.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   O.F. Williams and J. W. Houck. Full value: Cases in Christian business ethics, San Francisco, CA: Harper Row, 1978.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Todd Albertson. The Gods of Business: The Intersection of Faith and the Marketplace. Trinity Alumni Press, 2007.

Airline Operations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Airline Operations - Essay Example As a report a year after the 9/11 attacks stated, "the costs of the terrorist attacks have been borne disproportionately by a few industries, especially airlines, tourism and insurance" (Makinen, 2002, p. 2). First of all, no airlines flew anywhere in the United States for one week after the 9/11 attacks. This involved a backlog in flights and plane maintenance/positioning that took months to overcome once flights started. The US Congress gave the airlines access to $15 billion, in the form of $5 billion in short-term emergency assistance and $10 billion in loan guarantees. However, the attacks of 9/11 seem to have sped up economic woes that were already occurring, and led to major reorganizations such as the Chapter 11 bankruptcy of US Airways (Makinen, 2002, p.2). Reports for airline finances in 2002 were dismal, with US Airways filing for bankruptcy and United Airlines soon following suit. However, several airlines such as JetBlue reported better earnings than expected, solidifying a trend that had been occurring in recent years. One of the major results of th... One of the major results of the 9/11 attacks, and one that has yet to fully return to normal, was the rapid decrease in the amount of business travel on airlines. Business travelers were some of the most profit-making customers for airlines, and these often offset the barely breaking even or loss-making performance associated with vacation related and other consumer travel. This loss of business travel may be related to the fact that telecommunications technology has meant that real-time meetings through video conferencing has become the norm rather than the exception. The fact that 9/11 occurred, making business travelers less certain about flying because of safety concerns may have compounded a situation that was already occurring with the rapid advance in communications technology. Large corporations have also learned that they "don't need to pay those higher, unrestricted fares . . . there is always going to be some business travel that needs flexibility to change flight plans . . . but the policy of many large corporations will be to book in advance to save money or to justify it when you don't" (Corridore, 2004, p.1). The traditional airlines such as United and American have also been facing great competition from low-cost competitors such as Jet Blue, that have started to move into transcontinental flights. For example, JetBlue offers numerous non-stop California-East Coast flights for little more than $100 one-way. A customer can also change their flight (through changing the time or just canceling) up to a minute before the flight with a nominal ($25) charge and the remaining balance to be used for future flights (jetblue, 2006) . The increased use of web-sites that have been created from scratch with the idea of making buying/changing a flight very

Contemporary Issues Portfolio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Contemporary Issues Portfolio - Essay Example Some recently published organisational studies and other market research surveys also justify the promotion of ethics and social responsibility in business. In order for promoting ethics and social responsibility in the organisational environment, today most of the companies perform community based services and publish a corporate sustainability report periodically. These concepts are of greater importance in online business sector too. This paper will analyse the contemporary ethical and social responsibility challenges Facebook is facing and how the organisation is addresses those problems. Managing ethics and social responsibility Business ethics and social responsibility are two broad and interconnected terms which play a significant role in determining the level of reputation of an organisation. The concept of business ethics represents a set of principles and standards that make an organisation’s business conducts acceptable to its different groups of stakeholders. †Å"Business ethics is defined as rules of business conduct by which the rightness/proprietary of the business operations/activities may be assessed or judged† (Prasad 2005, p.426). ... In a business context, stakeholder groups including customers, government, competitors, general public, and other interest groups determine the acceptability of behaviour. The collapse of Enron, one of the biggest ethical disasters in the 21st century, is a good example of how unethical business practices may affect an organisation (Trevino & Nelson 2010, p.3). Ken Lay and Jeff Skilling, the former CEO’s of Enron, intentionally tried to deceive the firm’s stakeholders by hiding the actual state of financial affairs of the company. Evidently, it is necessary to promote and manage business ethics in an organisational environment. For this purpose, primarily the management should foster ethical behaviour among its employees. Setting business goals and periodical performance appraisal are effective strategies to manage business ethics successfully. Another important thing is that the organisation has to develop well defined codes of business ethics and decision rules. In th e area of online business, managing business ethics is becoming a complex task because internet based illegal and unethical practices like password theft are increasing each day. Therefore, online marketers have to give specific focus to the promotion of business ethics. Social responsibility is an ethical ideology that obliges business organisations to make notable contributions to the overall welfare of the society rather than focusing only on profit maximisation efforts. â€Å"Social responsibility is a management philosophy that includes contributing resources to the community, preserving the natural environment, and developing or participating in non-profit programmes designed to promote the

Pilinut Essay Example for Free

Pilinut Essay Our company engages into pilinut business. Pili tart is a very profitable product, it has the so called 3C’s of Bicol pili nut: Competitive (market); Capability (financial); and Capacity (production) (Melchor A Aguilar). Because the Philippines is the only country where the fruit has market. No other country process pili in commercial quantity, meaning, we have the monopoly of processed pili in the foreign market, this kind of business has a very high potential of being successful especially if it will engage in exporting. There are many producers and processors of pili tart in the Bicol region, but this will be very few compared to the world market. Only few of these processors are into exporting business. Pili are very nutritious even as confection. Nutritionally, the kernel is high in calcium, phosphorous, and potassium, and rich in fats and protein. (DOST), so there is no issue to health concious. Our products will be of superior quality associated with the right price so that almost every body can afford it. We will produce product using ingredients of high quality so that it is guaranteed to be tasty and delicious. We will provide products that are not health and environmental hazard but instead a pilinut product that everyone can enjoy and environmental friendly that undergo in the right procedure. We will produce different pilinut products that are best for export, which does not easily spoil, and remain fresh even on long period of time. Pilinut for ordinary people may not be so important, but for a business person like us, pilinut has a long way to go and has a very large market to serve. Profit from this business may be abundant due to the monopoly of the products. We can start at a small capital but the comeback will be great. In not more than three years, we will regain our investment from this business and still continue to grow.

Natue of Science :: essays research papers

Science Report (Nature of Science) Aim To find out the effect of the thickness of a biscuit on the ability of the biscuit to support a finite amount of weights Apparatus o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Weights o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Biscuits o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Thread Background Information â€Å"Biscuits are designed to be strong so that they do not crumble easily.† (http://www.nzmaths.co.nz/Number/CrossStrand/biscuits.htm) A biscuit consists of flour, oil and other ingredients, which are packed together into a brittle solid. Therefore, biscuits can stand up to a finite amount of weight before it breaks. Hypothesis The thicker a biscuit, the more weights it can support. Variables Independent o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Increment of Thickness o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Method of applying weights o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Type of Biscuit o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  How the Biscuit/Biscuits are placed Method of Control (Independent Variables) o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Increment of Thickness – Regular increment of 1 biscuit thickness o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Method of applying the weights – Placing the weights gently onto the biscuits, increasing the weight by 100g each time, until the crackers break. o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Type of Biscuit – Use identical Khong Guan Cheese Crackers o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  How the Biscuit/Biscuits are placed – The biscuits will be strung tightly together and hung on a hook. (Refer to diagram 1.1) Dependent o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The number of weights that can be hung on the biscuits Procedure 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Drill a hole in the middle of the biscuit with a needle. 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hang the weight holder on the biscuit. 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Place 100g weights one by one, until the biscuit breaks (Refer to diagram 1.1) 4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Repeat the experiment with 2,3,4 and 5 biscuits 5)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Repeat the experiment 3 times 6)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Calculate the average weight required to break the biscuits of different thickness 7)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Plot a graph to identify the main trend of this experiment. 8)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Formulate a conclusion from the results. Margin of Error As the weights obtained are 100g weights, they are not precise. Therefore, if a biscuit breaks when a 200g weight is hung on it, it does not mean that the biscuit breaks at 200g. It is just an approximate amount. To utilize a spring balance would have caused the results to be more accurate. Secondly, whenever a new weight is added to the weight holder, the position of the set-up shifts a little. Natue of Science :: essays research papers Science Report (Nature of Science) Aim To find out the effect of the thickness of a biscuit on the ability of the biscuit to support a finite amount of weights Apparatus o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Weights o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Biscuits o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Thread Background Information â€Å"Biscuits are designed to be strong so that they do not crumble easily.† (http://www.nzmaths.co.nz/Number/CrossStrand/biscuits.htm) A biscuit consists of flour, oil and other ingredients, which are packed together into a brittle solid. Therefore, biscuits can stand up to a finite amount of weight before it breaks. Hypothesis The thicker a biscuit, the more weights it can support. Variables Independent o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Increment of Thickness o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Method of applying weights o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Type of Biscuit o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  How the Biscuit/Biscuits are placed Method of Control (Independent Variables) o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Increment of Thickness – Regular increment of 1 biscuit thickness o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Method of applying the weights – Placing the weights gently onto the biscuits, increasing the weight by 100g each time, until the crackers break. o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Type of Biscuit – Use identical Khong Guan Cheese Crackers o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  How the Biscuit/Biscuits are placed – The biscuits will be strung tightly together and hung on a hook. (Refer to diagram 1.1) Dependent o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The number of weights that can be hung on the biscuits Procedure 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Drill a hole in the middle of the biscuit with a needle. 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hang the weight holder on the biscuit. 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Place 100g weights one by one, until the biscuit breaks (Refer to diagram 1.1) 4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Repeat the experiment with 2,3,4 and 5 biscuits 5)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Repeat the experiment 3 times 6)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Calculate the average weight required to break the biscuits of different thickness 7)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Plot a graph to identify the main trend of this experiment. 8)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Formulate a conclusion from the results. Margin of Error As the weights obtained are 100g weights, they are not precise. Therefore, if a biscuit breaks when a 200g weight is hung on it, it does not mean that the biscuit breaks at 200g. It is just an approximate amount. To utilize a spring balance would have caused the results to be more accurate. Secondly, whenever a new weight is added to the weight holder, the position of the set-up shifts a little.

National Institute of Business Management Essay

1. Describe the basic assumptions of Economics. 2. Discuss the vital functions of an economy. 3. Write an essay on the features of capitalist economy. 4. Explain the various assumptions on which all demand schedules are prepared. 5. Write an essay on Localization of Industries. 6. Describe the kinds of price elasticity of demand. 25 x 4=100 marks Answer of Question 1- Basic assumption of econimoics Economists have generally looked for some fundamental assumption about human behaviour from which most of the principles of economics can be ultimately deduced. Every decision maker in an economic systems-wheter he is a consument or producer, whethre is a house hold or a firm is assumed to have in a rational manner and go in for maximum gain. Economic rationality presupposed that every person knows his interest and selects that course of action, which promises him the greatest amount of statisfaction. The economists have, generally assumed that human beings are rational and that they are influenced by maximization principle for example every consumer is said to maximize his satisfaction with a given amount of expenditure, every producer maximizes his output and mizimizes his cost. Every seller minimizes his profit, as so on. But reationality and maximization principles are based on the further assumption of perfect knowledge, every rational consumenr for example knows  the differnent possiable alternative open to him and will choose that alrernative that promises maximum satisfaction. However, rationality is conditioned and influenced by habits and social. Habits acquired over a number of years influence the consumers in the choice of goods. Likewise, social customs infulence guide and modify economic behaviour of individuals. The assumption of economic rationality does not carry and moral or ethical implication. Rationality implies that is a period of acute shoratege, producers and distributors would raise the price and secure higher profit marigns. Such a behaivor may be condemned from the social point of view. But economically it is justified. At the same time, it is neccesasary to distinguish between individual rationality and social rationlaity. But from the social point of view, this may not be rational and proper, for bombay is already overcroweded with a high density of population, besides there are so many backward areas, which need industrialization from the social point of view it would have been better that the new factory is set up away from bombay, there is thus a possibility of clash between individual rationally and social rationalily. Anwer of Question no :- 2 Economy An economy refers to the financial system of the region, province or nation. â€Å"It is a system by which folks get a livelihood.† For instance the â€Å"Economy includes farms, factories, mines, shops, banks, roads, railways, aircrafts, offices, schools, cinemas etc., which grants the people with the goods and services which they also use themselves or sell overseas in order to be able to buy imports.† Sir John Hicks â€Å"An economy consists of nothing else but an enormous cooperation of workers or manufacturer to make things and do things which clients want.† The Vital Processes of An Economy Production, consumption and growth are vital factors of economics. Economies might differ in the organisation but all perform these three functions which  are discussed below. 1. Production -The First vital process of an economy is manufacture which must go on incessantly. â€Å"Production comprises any action, and the stipulation of any service, which satisfies and is likely to satisfy a want.† In this wider sense, production includes products produced on farms like rice, wheat, fruits and vegetables and those manufactured in the factories like clothes, electronic goods, electrical items etc. It also includes the services of shopkeepers, traders, transporters, actors, doctors, civil servants, teachers, engineers and akin to who help in fulfilling the needs of the people in the economy through their services. But production eliminates certain goods and services though they satisfy human needs. It includes, domestic work done within the family by the housewives, husband and children, production of hobby articles like paintings, production of vegetables in the kitchen garden. The last is voluntary work. John Hicks defines â€Å"Production is any acti vity directed to satisfaction of other people’s wants through exchange.† Thus production means exchange of goods for consideration of money. 2. Consumption -The second vital process of economy is consumption. It means the use of financial goods and services in the pleasure of human needs. The consumption that goes on in the fiscal may be of different types. Prof. Hicks organized it into two grouping – single-use goods and durable-use goods. Single goods are those which are used in a single act. Such goods are food stuffs, cigarettes, matches, fuel etc. durable use goods are those which can be used for a substantial period of time. It is unimportant whether the time is short or long. Such goods are pens, bicycles, clothes, fans, furniture etc. Prof. Brown defines as â€Å"For every kind of completed goods, in reality there is a kind of channel or rather a system of pipeline, elongating from the unique sources of resources used to the consumer.† The accretion of stock of such goods is called inventory investment. 3. Growth -Economic growth is â€Å"the process whereby the real per capita income of a country increases over a long period of time.† We itemise the factors which lead to the growth of an economy.† Growth of population predominantly  working population is the first cause of growth. A rapidly growing population in relation to the growth of the national product keeps the output per head at a low level. On the other hand, the enhancement in the productivity per head of developed economies like United States has been much higher because of their low rates of their national product. Technical acquaintance and development are the twin features in mounting productivity per head. Technical knowledge and development are autonomous It is technical knowledge which brings about new means of production, leads to innovation and growth of new equipment. The supply of savings is another factor that determines the growth rate of economy. Borrowing from abroad is another source of capital for the growth of economies. External borrowing is resorted to for two reasons. To supplement low domestic savings and to get foreign currency for the purpose of importing capital for development purposes. Thus all economies whether they are capitalist, socialist or mixed perform these important functions of production, consumption and growth. Central Problems of Economy There are five fundamental questions relating to the problem of economy and they are discussed below. 1. What to Produce and in What Quantities? To make a decision of what goods and services are to be created and the volume of productivity has to be determined and this is the first problem relating to economy. This involves allotment of scarce resources in relation to the composition of total productivity in the economy. Since resources are inadequate the society has to decide about the goods to be produced. If the society gives significance to the production of more consumption goods now, it will have less in future. A high precedence on capital goods implies consumer goods now and more in future. But since resources are inadequate, if some goods are produced in abundance, some other goods will have to be produced in smaller quantities. It will therefore have to choose among mixture which will give higher level of satisfaction. 2. How to Produce these goods? The next problem is how to fabricate these goods. That is the techniques and  methods to be applied in the production of the necessary goods. This problem is principally dependent on the accessibility of resources within the economy. If land is available in abundance, it may have widespread cultivation. If the labour is in abundance, it may use labour demanding techniques while in case of labour shortage, capital intensive techniques may be used. On the other hand easy consumer goods and small outputs necessitate small and less costly machines. Further it has to make a decision of what goods and services are to be created in the public sector and that in private sector. 3. For Whom are the Goods Produced? The third basic problem is for whom the goods and services are to be produced. That is the allotment of goods among the members of the society. The allotment of basic customer goods or supplies and lavish comforts and among the household takes place on the basis of among the allocation of country’s income. A rich person may have a large share of the lavish goods and a poor person may have more amounts of the basic consumer goods he needs. 4. How efficiently are the resources being utilised? This is one of the significant basic problems because of having made the three earlier decisions, the society has to see whether the capital it owns are being utilised fully or not. In case the resources of the financial system are lying idle. It has to find out ways and means to use them fully. If the idleness of resources, say man power, land or capital is due to their male allocation, the society has to adopt such monetary, fiscal or physical measures where this is corrected. In an economy where the available resources are being fully utilised, it is characterised by technical competence or full employment. To maintain it at this level, the economy must always be increasing the productivity of some goods and services by giving up something of others. 5. Is the Economy Growing? The last and the most imperative problem is to find out whether the economy is growing through time or is it sluggish. Economic growth takes place  through a superior rate of capital configuration which consists of restoring existing capital goods with new and more productive ones by adopting more well-organized production techniques or through modernization. Economic growth enables the economy to have more of both the goods. Answer of Question no: – 5 Manufacturing is the second largest type of production after primary production activity ‘of hunting, fishing, mining, lumbering, farming etc. Manufacturing has undergone a big change as a result of advancement of science and technology. From the making of few simple items, like hand made cloth, khandsari, mustard oil, agricultural implements etc. manufacturing to-day involves highly technical and complex machines, equipments and tools for the assembly of automobiles, ships, aircrafts, space ships, agricultural machines, computers and so on. For centuries, manufacturing had been a household work and items like agricultural implements; weapons etc. were produced on a small-scale. But with the increasing demand due to increase in population, it took the form of cottage industry and later, large scale manufacturing industries. Manufacturing is related to processing and altering the raw materials of agriculture, forests and that of minerals into finished or partially finished products. The agro raw materials which are transformed into finished products are cotton, wool, jute, sugarcane etc. and that of minerals are iron ore, copper, manganese, mica etc. Presently, the most important manufacturing industries are those which bring together manufactured items of different industries to make complicated machines and equipments required in means of transportation, agriculture, mining, military warfare etc. Development of industries is of utmost importance to man. In fact, their development is considered to be an index of a country’s economic prosperity and strength. The location of manufacturing industries depends upon a number of geographical and economic factors. These factors are known as factors of localization of industries or agglomeration of industries. The most important factors are: (i) Raw material. (ii) Source of Power. (iii) Labour. (iv) Means of transportation. (v) Market. (vi) Other factors like climate, Government Policies, capital, water, land etc. (i) Raw Material. Among the factors influencing location of an industry, close proximity to raw material availability of regular supply of cheap raw material are of utmost significance. Therefore, industries are set up close to or in the regions where raw material is available in plenty. This speaks for the localization of jute industry in West Bengal, Sugar industry in U.P and concentration of heavy industries in the states of Chattisgarh and West Bengal. If the raw material is heavy and of small value, the industries are set up in the regions of raw material. Iron smelting, brick making, cement manufacturing are best examples. Iron and Steel Plants at Jamshedpur (Jharkhand), Rourkela (Orissa), Bhilai (Chhattisgarh) and Durgapur (West Bengal) have been set up near the sources of raw material i.e., Iron ore. (ii) Source of Power. All types of manufacturing industries depend upon one or the other sources of power. It may be coal, oil, electricity, gas etc. In the industries, especially those of ferrous metallurgy, coal is the main source of power; therefore, these heavy industries are closely tied down to coal fields. The iron and steel industry of India in the Damodar Valley of Chattisgarh at Jamshedpur is located near the coal fields of Raniganj and Jharia. (iii) Labour. Modern industry requires large labour force, both skilled and unskilled. The availability of cheap labour in a region is an important factor determining the localization of industries. Different types of industries require different types of labour force. For example, watch-making, electronics, aeronautics, computers etc. require highly skilled labour, whereas, on the other hand, cotton textile manufacturing, sugar making, jute textile etc. employ more of unskilled labour. The development of the plantations in Assam and cotton textiles in Maharashtra are attributed to the availability of cheap efficient labour. In these regions it has also been seen that industrial centres tend to attract more industries, because plenty of labour is available in these centres, for example, Mumbai and Kolkata have become industrial cities of the country mainly because of availability of plenty of  labour in and around these mega cities. (iv) Means of Transportation. Industries depend upon efficient and cheap transportation system, which is essential for the movement of raw material as well as the finished products. They may be rail, road or water. Railway junctions are considered to be the most suitable sites for the localization of industries. These enjoy benefits of easy transportation from different directions. Similarly sea ports also develop as industrial centres because of availability of facilities of water transportation for export and import of products. (v) Market. Market is an important factor in determining localization of industries. Goods are manufactured to be sold in the market. Industries are generally set up close to urban centres. Sometimes, dense population may not prove to be solid market for the disposal of the different industrial products. If the people are poor, the purchasing capacity also becomes poor. In some of the Asian countries, where people are poor, industries which are engaged in the manufacturing of cheap and essential goods like coarse cloth find an adequate market. This explains why under-developed countries, though densely populated are poor in manufacturing industries. (vi) Other Factors. (a) Climate Climate also plays a part in the location of industries. The stimulating cool temperate climate is more suitable for the development of industries because this type of climate adds to the work efficiency of the labour force. This is one of the major reasons why temperate latitudes have well-developed manufacturing industries rather than the tropics or the desert or the Tundra regions. Climate plays a significant role in location of cotton textile manufacturing industries. The cool and humid climate helps in spinning of yarn and weaving of cloth processes. Development of film industry at Mumbai is due to favourable climate. (b)Capital. Development of industries requires a large capital investment. It may come from any source, local or foreign. Banks and other financial institutions play an important role in the growth of industries from time to time. (b) Government Policy. In order to give boost to industries in the country, the government gives certain guidelines, tax exemptions, electricity at concessional rates, subsidies, rail link etc., if these are set up as per government plan. Mohali, an industrial town near Chandigarh has come up on the industrial map of India because of Government policies. Thus Government Policy plays a significant role in determining place of location of an industry. If the Government bans import of foreign cars, the automobile industry is bound to flourish in that country. (d)Early Start. There is a tendency to set up new units in the area, where that industry is already much developed. It is because the area has been enjoying benefits of developed means of transport, financial institutions, banking facilities, availability of skilled labour and marketing ease. Hosiery industry got concentrated at Ludhiana can be cited as one example of role of early start. (e) Personal Preferences. Personal whims, prejudices of an entrepreneur and preferences also matter sometimes in the setting up of an industry in an area, ignoring all the economic and commercial considerations. In a democratic set up, sometimes political matters also initiate the establishment of certain heavy industries in certain regions. The setting of a Railway Coach Factory at Kapurthala in Punjab has been set up due to political interests rather than economic considerations. Construction of oil refinery at Bhatinda is another example of a political decision. Localization of industries at a place gives rise to a number of problems also. These are: (i) High cost of living. (ii) Shortage of living space. (iii) Sky high land prices. (iv) Traffic jams. (v) Pollution. (vi) Growth of slums. Some of the industries are highly localized in the country. These are due to combination of a number of geographical and socio-economic factors already discussed above. The examples are: 1. Sugar Manufacturing: U.P. and Bihar. 2. Jute Textiles: West Bengal. 3. Cotton Textiles: Maharashtra and Gujarat. 4. Cement Industry : M.P. and Rajasthan. 5. Iron and Steel: Jharkhand and Orissa. 6. Cinematography Mumbai 7. Leather goods: Kanpur, Agra. 8. Hosiery: Ludhiana. 9. Sports goods: Jalandhar. 10. Computers: Bangalore, Hyderabad, Gurgao Answer of Question no :- 6 Different types of Elasticity of Demand After knowing what is demand and what is law of demand, we can now come to elasticity of demand. Law of demand will tell you the direction i.e. it tells you which way the demand goes when the price changes. But the elasticity of demand tells you how much the demand will change with the change in price to demand to the change in any factor. Different types of Elasticity of Demand: 1. Price Elasticity of Demand 2. Income Elasticity of Demand 3. Cross Elasticity of Demand 4. Advertisement Elasticity of Demand 1. Price Elasticity of Demand: We will discuss how sensitive the change in demand is to the change in price. The measurement of this sensitivity in terms of percentage is called price Elasticity of Demand. According to Marshall, Price Elasticity of Demand is the degree of responsiveness of demand to the change in price of that commodity. Types of Price Elasticity of Demands: a) Perfectly Elastic b) Perfectly Inelastic c) Relatively Elastic d) Relatively Inelastic e) Unit Elasticity Factors influencing Price Elasticity of Demand: a) Nature of Commodity b) Availability of Substitutes c) Number of Uses d) Durability of commodity e) Consumer’s income Practical significance of Price Elasticity of Demand: a) Importance to the business b) Important to Government 2. Income elasticity of demand: In economics, the income elasticity of demand measures the responsiveness of the quantity demanded of a good to the change in the income of the people demanding the good. It is calculated as the ratio of the percent change in quantity demanded to the percent change in income. For example, if, in response to a 10% increase in income, the quantity of a good demanded increased by 20%, the income elasticity of demand would be 20%/10% = 2. 3. Cross elasticity of demand: In economics, the cross elasticity of demand and cross price elasticity of demand measures the responsiveness of the quantity demand of a good to a change in the price of another good. It is measured as the percentage change in quantity demanded for the first good that occurs in response to a percentage change in price of the second good. For example, if, in response to a 10% increase in the price of fuel, the quantity of new cars that are fuel inefficient demanded decreased by 20%, the cross elasticity of demand would be -20%/10% = -2. 4. Advertisement Elasticity of Demand: The degree of responsiveness of quantity demanded to the change in the advertisement expense of expenditure. Ea= Change in quantity demanded x original advertisement expenses Change in advertisement expenses original quantity demanded Important factors influencing Advertisement: 1. Promotional elasticity of demand will be affected, depending on whether it  is a new product or the product with a growing market. 2. The amount a competitor reacts to the firm’s advertisement. 3. The time interval between the advertisement expensed or expenditure and the unresponsiveness of the sales. 4. The influence of non-advertisement determinants of demands such as trends, price, income etc. Uses of Advertisement Elasticity of Demands: 1. It helps the manager to decide the advertisement expense. If the advertisement is more than one, which means incremental revenue exceeds incremental expenses, then increased expenditure on advertisement can be justified. 2. The fire should observe the saturation point, where advertisement pays nothing or does not help in increasing sales revenue

International Relations Essay

International relations (IR) is the study of relationships among countries, the roles of sovereign states, inter-governmental organizations (IGO), international non-governmental organizations (INGO), non-governmental organizations (NGO), and multinational corporations (MNC). International relations is an academic and a public policy field, and so can be positive and normative, because it analyzes and formulates the foreign policy of a given State. As political activity, international relations dates from the time of the Greek historian Thucydides (ca. 460–395 BC), and, in the early 20th century, became a discrete academic field (No. 5901 in the 4-digit UNESCO Nomenclature) within political science. However, international relations is an interdisciplinary field of study.[3] Besides political science, the field of international relations draws intellectual materials from the fields technology and engineering, economics, history, and international law, philosophy, geography, and social work, sociology, anthropology, and criminology, psychology and gender studies, cultural studies and culturology. The scope of international relations comprehends globalization, state sovereignty, and international security, ecological sustainability, nuclear proliferation, and nationalism, economic development and global finance, terrorism and organized crime, human security, foreign interventionism, and human rights. History The history of international relations can be traced back to thousands of years ago; Barry Buzan and Richard Little, for example, consider the interaction of ancient Sumerian city-states, starting in 3,500 BC, as the first fully-fledged international system.[4] The official portraits of King WÅ‚adysÅ‚aw IV dressed according to French, Spanish and Polish fashion reflects the complex politics of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth during the Thirty Years’ War The history of international relations based on sovereign states is often traced back to the Peace of Westphalia of 1648, a stepping stone in the development of the modern state system. Prior to this the European medieval organization of political authority was based on a vaguely hierarchical religious order. Contrary to popular belief, Westphalia still embodied layered systems of sovereignty, especially within the Holy Roman Empire.[5] More than the Peace of Westphalia, the Treaty of Utrecht of 1713 is thought to reflect an emerging norm that sovereigns had no internal equals within a defined territory and no external superiors as the ultimate authority within the territory’s sovereign borders. The centuries of roughly 1500 to 1789 saw the rise of the independent, sovereign states, the institutionalization of diplomacy and armies. The French Revolution added to this the new idea that not princes or an oligarchy, but the citizenry of a state, defined as the nation, should be defined as sovereign. Such a state in which the nation is sovereign would thence be termed a nation-state (as opposed to a monarchy, or a religious  state). The term republic increasingly became its synonym. An alternative model of the nation-state was developed in reaction to the French republican concept by the Germans and others, who instead of giving the citizenry sovereignty, kept the princes and nobility, but defined nation-statehood in ethnic-linguistic terms, establishing the rarely if ever fulfilled ideal that all people speaking one language should belong to one state only. The same claim to sovereignty was made for both forms of nation-state. (It is worth noting that in Europe today, few sta tes conform to either definition of nation-state: many continue to have royal sovereigns, and hardly any are ethnically homogeneous.) The particular European system supposing the sovereign equality of states was exported to the Americas, Africa, and Asia via colonialism and the â€Å"standards of civilization†. The contemporary international system was finally established through decolonization during the Cold War. However, this is somewhat over-simplified. While the nation-state system is considered â€Å"modern†, many states have not incorporated the system and are termed â€Å"pre-modern†. Further, a handful of states have moved beyond insistence on full sovereignty, and can be considered â€Å"post-modern†. The ability of contemporary IR discourse to explain the relations of these different types of states is disputed. â€Å"Levels of analysis† is a way of looking at the international system, which includes the individual level, the domestic state as a unit, the international level of transnational and intergovernmental affairs, and the global level. What is explicitly recognized as international relations theory was not developed until after World War I, and is dealt with in more detail below. IR theory, however, has a long tradition of drawing on the work of other social sciences. The use of capitalizations of the â€Å"I† and â€Å"R† in international relations aims to distinguish the academic discipline of international relations from the phenomena of international relations. Many cite Sun Tzu’s The Art of War (6th century BC), Thucydides’ History of the Peloponnesian War (5th century BC), Chanakya’s Arthashastra (4th century  BC), as the inspiration for realist theory, with Hobbes’ Leviathan and Machiavelli’s The Prince providing further elaboration. Similarly, liberalism[6] draws upon the work of Kant and Rousseau, with the work of the former often being cited as the first elaboration of democratic peace theory. Though contemporary human rights is considerably different from the type of rights envisioned under natural law, Francisco de Vitoria, Hugo Grotius and John Locke offered the first accounts of universal entitlement to certain rights on the basis of common humanity. In the twentieth century, in addition to contemporary theories of liberal internationalism, Marxism has been a foundation of international relations. Study of IR Flags of the member states of the United Nations Initially, international relations as a distinct field of study was almost entirely British-centered. IR only emerged as a formal academic ‘discipline’ in 1919 with the founding of the first ‘chair’ (professorship) in IR – the Woodrow Wilson Chair at Aberystwyth, University of Wales (now Aberystwyth University[7]), from an endowment given by David Davies, became the first academic position dedicated to IR. This was rapidly followed by establishment of IR at US universities and Geneva, Switzerland. In the early 1920s, the London School of Economics’ department of international relations was founded at the behest of Nobel Peace Prize winner Philip Noel-Baker, and was the first institute to offer a wide range of degrees in the field. Furthermore, the International History department at LSE, developed as primarily focused on the history of IR in the early modern, colonial and Cold War periods. The first university entirely dedicated to the study of IR was the Graduate Institute of International Studies (now the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies), which was founded in 1927 to form diplomats associated to the League of Nations, established in Geneva some years before. The Graduate Institute of International Studies offered one of the first Ph.D. degrees in international relations. Georgetown University’s  Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service is the oldest international relations faculty in the United States, founded in 1919. The Committee on International Relations at the University of Chicago was the first to offer a graduate degree, in 1928. Now Universities in USA, UK, Europe, India, Kazakhstan, Brazil, Australia, Canada, Africa, Russia, Indonesia offer Graduate, Post-Graduate & PhD degrees in IR. Theory Main article: International relations theory Normative theory In the academic discipline of International relations, Smith, Baylis & Owens in their Introduction to Smith, Baylis & Owens (2008)[8] make the case that the normative position or normative theory is to make the World a better place and that this theoretical worldview aims to do so by being aware of implicit assumptions and explicit assumptions that constitute a non-normative position and align or position the normative towards the loci of other key socio-political theories such as political Liberalism, Marxism, political Constructivism, political Realism, political Idealism and political Globalization.

American Businesses Motivated to offer Healthcare

American Businesses Motivated to offer Healthcare Why businesses were motivated to offer healthcare American businesses were motivated to offer healthcare for their employees because of various factors. Healthcare for employees was not given the seriousness that it deserved because many organizations were not keen on this. As much as this situation started changing slowly, there are certain aspects that made it necessary for different businesses to offer healthcare for employees.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on American Businesses Motivated to offer Healthcare specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The most notable healthcare service that was offered by different business was accident insurance that took off in the early 1990s (Lane 2003, p. 23). This has been improving and nearly all businesses in America offer healthcare for employees. The motivation to offer employees healthcare could have been as a result of the changing business environment that has ultimately had an impact on healthcare in America today. This means that the changing business world as far as technological advancements are concerned made it necessary to provide healthcare for employees. In this case, such an aspect motivated business to offer healthcare because employees were supposed to be safe. In a broad perspective, it can be said that American businesses were originally motivated to offer healthcare for employees because they were supposed o give them a reason to do some tasks. Businesses saw the need to motivate their employees to be committed to what they were doing which could only be enhanced through healthcare (Lane 2003, p. 45). This means that retaining employees was becoming a hard task without offering them healthcare. In this case, businesses were motivated to offer healthcare to employees because it was an emerging and necessary competitive advantage for success in the business world that was changing. Healthcare was necessary to engage and keep employees motivat ed as the key for sustainable growth (Jacobs 2008, p. 63). The strength of healthcare could not be underestimated because it was proving to be an asset in other countries which motivated businesses in America to follow suit. As a matter of fact, it can be said that the need to keep happy employees originally motivated businesses to offer healthcare.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More How does this choice influence healthcare in America today? The choice that was taken by different businesses has greatly influenced healthcare in America today. Most notably, it has become a necessity for businesses to offer healthcare for employees. This is because the business world is competitive based on the fact that every organization is competing for the best employees in the market. There is no business that can attract the best talent in the market without healthcare for employees which has changed as time goes by. This choice has influenced healthcare in America as far as spending is concerned (Jacobs 2008, p. 71). In this case, many businesses are now spending a lot of money on healthcare for employees and this has helped in improving the sector for long term sustainability. This choice has meant that any business that wants to attract the best talent should offer healthcare for employees. In this case, the business community has ended up keeping motivated employees who have improved productivity in different ways. Healthcare in America today has been influenced by this choice because the country ranks well when compared with other countries that offer health benefits (Jacobs 2008, p. 88). Because employees are always motivated, they have effectively contributed to the growth of small businesses. The most outstanding aspect is the fact that many healthcare organizations have grown tremendously because of an increase in demand for healthcare services for emp loyees (Jacobs 2008, p. 93). This is as far as growth of the healthcare industry in America is concerned. Reference List Jacobs, P. (2008). Wages and Benefits: A Long-Term View. Chicago: Chicago University Press. Lane, B. (2003). The Art Science of Pricing Small Group Medical Coverage: From Debits to Risk Factors. New York: Routledge.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on American Businesses Motivated to offer Healthcare specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More

The Definition of the Phrase Slut Shaming

The Definition of the Phrase Slut Shaming ÑSlut shaming is the deliberate act of calling a woman a slut, a whore or impugning her character in sexual terms in order to embarrass, humiliate, intimidate, degrade or shame her for actions or behaviors that are a normal part of female sexuality. Although the act of slut-shaming is not exclusive to either gender, females of every age from girls to adults often engage in slut-shaming to put down or express contempt for another female. Slut-shaming is often associated with mean girl behavior but is not restricted to that age group. A slut-shaming story from a personal blog illustrates how this practice can happen in the unlikeliest of settings: [O]ne church member...called another member a slut because of the latter’s shoes (which had been part of a Halloween costume) with stiletto heels. It was a joke...[which] hints at the truth...that even if you are a good Christian, if you also happen to be wearing certain clothes, you will be stigmatized sexually if you are a woman. Slut shaming entered the public consciousness in 2010 due to two separate events: the suicide of Phoebe Prince, a high school student who was so humiliated by her classmates that she hanged herself; and the 2010 midterm election in which two Congressional candidates, Christine ODonnell, and Krystal Ball, were attacked by the website Gawker which published an anonymous tell-all about a night spent with ODonnell and candid photos of Ball at a Christmas party posing with sex toys. Slut shaming was also depicted in the CBS series The Good Wife when a female candidates breast augmentation surgery was revealed by her male opponent. In the episode which originally aired November 9, 2010, the candidate directly addressed the situation and revealed she was a breast cancer survivor who had kept her double mastectomy a secret and was having breast reconstructive surgery following cancer treatment.

Stocks Returns Investment Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Stocks Returns Investment Analysis - Essay Example The value of R-square suggests that all variable have explained the excess returns of MYR by 47.22% which is a moderate percentage. If the intercept of the equation is analyzed, it can be observed that it is insignificant because p-valued computed is higher than the critical value of the 0.05 level of significance. Excess marker return is the best predictor among the three variables, so that it has predicted a beta coefficient of 1.7, which means that the stock is quite risky as it 0.7 time more than that of the market. However, SMB and HML did not effectively predict the excess returns of MYR.The model fit of TAH reflects that it is not quite good as hardly 14% of the stock return is explained by the model. Another interesting thing that can be noticed is that all the three variables of the Three Factor Model are unable to predict the excess returns of TAH as all of them having p-values higher than the critical values of 0.05 which is the significant level. Hence, the excess return of the TAH is found to be independent of the Three Factor Model.If the model fit of BHP is observed, it can inferred that the overall model fit is quite strong as it presents that around 77% of excess returns of BHP are explained by the Three Factor Model. If individual factors are analyzed, it can be noticed that intercept remained insignificant due to higher p-value statistics. EMR has come out as the best predictor indicating a beta coefficient of 1.38, which reflects that the stock is 38% more risky than the market.

Karl Marx - Capital Ch 7 Ch 9 Sec 1 Ch 10 Sec 1 Essay

Karl Marx - Capital Ch 7 Ch 9 Sec 1 Ch 10 Sec 1 - Essay Example Yet the legions of workers who once provided labor commodity with their hands (sweat equity, in other words), the spindle operators, for instance, to whom Marx refers in Chapter 7, have been supplanted by a technological revolution that has made the computer a tool nearly as utilitarian and ubiquitous as the spindle once was. In the modern economy, technology transforms the very nature of labor and the way in which that labor produces wealth. In the â€Å"Information Age† economy, the laborer’s work product is intrinsically intellectual, a work type rooted in the cogitative rather than the muscular. It places a premium on communication, since computer-based labor is informational, allowing communication to take place in the blink of an eye, and requiring the laborer to locate, extrapolate and respond to Name 2 unprecedented amounts of information each day. Decision-making, even among a company’s lowest strata, becomes a necessary and desirable skill, a thing unhe ard of among submissive 19th century laborers held in thrall by exploitative capitalists. In tracing the process involved in producing yarn, Marx outlines a chain of events that assesses the worth of the raw material needed to make yarn, the spindle used to produce it and the labor expended to manufacture it.